The Final Battle to End Polio
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In 1988, a meeting of the World Health Assembly set a mind-boggling goal: to eradicate the ancient scourge of polio.
At the time the goal was set, the polio virus was endemic in 125 countries and about 350,000 people, mostly children, were paralyzed by polio each year. This acute infectious disease causes no symptoms in 90% of people, but in 1%, the virus enters the nervous system and causes muscular destruction and paralysis.
It was an audacious goal – but 24 years later, the number of polio cases worldwide had fallen by more than 99 percent, saving more than 10 million children from paralysis.
How to End a Plague
Polio is highly infectious, and entire villages and districts had to be vaccinated to stop the chain of transmission. Stamping it out meant recruiting and training hundreds of thousands of vaccinators and sending them into the field with millions of doses of vaccine, which had to be kept cold in foam-plastic boxes. Vaccinators went door to door in villages and cities, approached passengers at railway stations and on buses, and walked up to cars at toll plazas. The goal was to vaccinate every child in the country several times, with a month or so between each round.
It was this kind of unprecedented effort that allowed India to declare itself polio-free in February 2012. India was long considered one of the most unlikely places to eradicate polio, because of its high population density, high rates of migration, poor sanitation, and low rates of routine immunization. But data-driven planning, well-trained and motivated staff, rigorous monitoring and political will at all levels made the difference.
So did satellite technology. According to Bill Gates, whose Gates Foundation is funding the battle against polio in nations around the world, satellite imagery and mobile phones equipped with GPS are instrumental in the fight. India is now sharing its best practices with Nigeria, Afghanistan and Pakistan – countries where polio remains endemic – and the Nigerian experience shows just how technology can help a person-to-person effort achieve national scale.
Satellite Maps and Cell Phones
Mr. Gates outlined the basics in a 2012 interview with author Rick Smolan. “The Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) creates these incredibly detailed satellite maps for governments,” he said. “They found that there were villages in Nigeria, which has the highest rate of polio resurgence in the world, that have never shown up on any map. No one in the government knew they were there. ESRI can recognize the shape of huts and pathways. They updated the satellite maps and handed out 10,000 GPS-enabled cell phones to polio workers. They could see where the workers were in real time, and make sure they got to each of the houses.”
Satellite technologies feed into many steps in the process. Space-based imaging is used to update geographical information systems (GIS) that generate maps for the field workers. Using GIS as a tool, supervisors plan how to deploy their teams in order to cover every village and settlement. Each morning, the teams receive their GPS-equipped phones and start their visits. In the villages, with the help of local guides, they visit health facilities, schools, markets and mosques, where they vaccinate both children and adults.
At the end of the day, the phones are collected for charging, which lets supervisors download their tracking data and match it to the GIS system. The results are tracks showing where every vaccinator has been as well as updated map coordinates for important buildings. Every few days, the teams receive summaries of missed or partially-covered settlements that need a return visit.
Winning the Final Prize
As impressive as this effort has been, the battle is not yet won. The 2012 World Health Assembly declared that the complete eradication of polio was “an emergency for global public health.” That is because the disease is making a comeback in nations where civil unrest and war are making it impossible for vaccination programs to function. Health officials have recommended that anyone traveling to or from ten developing nations be immunized, and there is fear in neighboring countries that the disease could spill over their borders.
In addition to the relief of human suffering, experts believe that eradicating polio will generate US$40 to $50 billion in benefits, with most of it going to low-income countries. Winning that prize is a cause to which the satellite business is proud to contribute.